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- EDUCATION, Page 66To Conquer Fear of CountingA new book shows how widely math is misunderstoodBy Stefan Kanfer
-
-
- The fight against illiteracy has become such a crusade in the
- U.S. that another enemy seems to have slipped past the ramparts
- while everyone has been learning to read. Bruce R. Vogeli, chairman
- of the department of mathematics and science education at Columbia
- University Teachers College, calls this foe the "major untouched
- educational issue of the decade." Science writer Martin Gardner
- (The Relativity Explosion) finds it a "problem that is getting
- worse and worse." Its name: innumeracy, or the inability to
- understand numbers and their meaning.
-
- Now John Allen Paulos, professor of mathematics at Temple
- University, has written a book about mathematical illiteracy.
- Titled Innumeracy (Hill & Wang; $16.95), it seeks to explain why
- so many people are numerically inept and shows how they can learn
- to work and play with figures. Paulos, 43, has no patience with
- mathematical dumbos who almost boastfully claim, "I can't even
- balance my checkbook," or "I'm a people person, not a numbers
- person." "I'm pained," he says, "at the belief that mathematics is
- an esoteric discipline with little relation or connection to the
- `real' world."
-
- Paulos swiftly explodes that notion by discussing stock-market
- scams, batting averages, newspaper psychics, fraudulent medical
- treatments, election polls and the reasons why blackjack is a
- better gambler's game than dice. Those who break into a sweat at
- the mention of calculus or plane geometry can relax. This elegant
- little survival manual is brief, witty and full of practical
- applications. Best of all, it has no quiz at the end, and as Paulos
- generously admits, the "occasional difficult passage can be ignored
- with impunity."
-
- Using easy-to-follow formulas, the author demonstrates that
- the chance of falling victim to terrorists is less than 1 in 1.5
- million (compared with, for example, 1 chance in 68,000 of choking
- to death or 1 in only 5,300 of dying in a car crash), that the
- number of possible five-card poker hands is 2,598,960 and that the
- size of a human cell is to that of a person as that of a person is
- to the size of Rhode Island. Paulos also notes that 367 people have
- to be gathered to ensure that two of them share the same birthday.
- How many must be in a group to guarantee a fifty-fifty chance that
- two have a birthday in common? "The surprising answer," he says,
- "is that there need be only 23." Doubters can find the proof in a
- section called "Probability and Coincidence."
-
- Other entertaining and illuminating chapters include "Examples
- and Principles," in which Paulos shows why the giant Gargantua
- would be a physical impossibility; "Pseudo-science," a saline,
- agnostic examination of parapsychology and astrology; and
- "Statistics, Trade-Offs and Society," in which some astonishing
- questions arise. Among them: What percentage of college women enjoy
- watching the Three Stooges? (According to his personal survey, 8%.)
-
- Another question: Why are so many people innumerate? Adults
- who fumble with numbers have been "intimidated by officious and
- sometimes sexist teachers," says Paulos, himself a victim of inept
- instruction. "They feel that there are mathematical minds and
- nonmathematical minds." The result of that misconception is a "gap
- that threatens eventually to lead either to unfounded and crippling
- anxieties or to impossible and economically paralyzing demands for
- risk-free guarantees."
-
- Gardner, an author of books and essays on math, also puts much
- of the blame on teachers -- particularly at the elementary level,
- where many classrooms are run by people with little or no math
- training. "When a class is taught by a teacher not interested in
- the subject," he notes, "then the class is bored also." Another
- setback for numbers proficiency, Gardner argues, was infatuation
- with the new math that emerged during the 1950s. Says he:
- "Youngsters were learning all kinds of advanced things, but not
- basic math."
-
- Still, America's number may not be up. According to Vogeli,
- curriculum materials that emphasize practical application have been
- emerging. "Change is on the way," he says. "Books like Innumeracy
- and Allan Bloom's The Closing of the American Mind articulate
- dissatisfactions present and already known to the teaching
- community." By so doing, they may greatly reduce the odds that
- Americans will continue to wallow in innumeracy.